FOOTNOTES

  1) In the name "Anchusa" M&W, S and T agree that the "s" is not pronounced like a "z". In names like "Thuja" and "Lactuca" there is agreement that the "u" should be pronounced "û" rather than "oo".

  2) An unaccented "e" (not in the first syllable) following and "r" is generally voiced long (e.g., Arrhenatherum, Eremurus).

  3) The following empirical rule is adopted for the voicing of an unaccented "y" (when not agreed upon or specified by M&W, S, and T):

Unaccented "y" occurring in the first syllable pronounced "î"
  (Hypericum, Hypoxis, Lycopodium, Lygodium, Physocarpus, etc.)


Exceptions:
 a) when followed by two consonants [other than in Hydr-] (Cystopteris) or "x" (Pyxidanthera)
 b) when occurring in the combination forms "Chrys-" (Chrysopsis, Chrysanthemum) or "-yri-" (Myrica, Syringa)

Unaccented "e" is pronunced short when:
   a) followed by "x" or two consonants (Carex, Exochorda, Dentaria)
   b) occurring in first syllable and accent not on second syllable and not followed by a vowel
     (Elaeagnus, Epigaea, Medicago, Selaginella)


Exceptions: Pedicularis, Heli- (Helianthus, Heliopsis)

Unaccented "e" is pronounced long when:
   a) occurring at the end of a name (including "-es")
     (Cleome, Jasione, Cheilanthes)
   b) occurring in the first syllable and followed by a vowel
     (Ceanothus, Leonurus)
   c) occurring in the first syllable, not followed by two consonants (or "x") and
     accent on second syllable
     (Celastrus, Hepatica, Veratrum, etc.)

Exception: Helenium

Unaccented "i" occurring in the first syllable is pronounced short.
     (Digitaria, Filipendula, Lithospermum)

Exceptions:
   a) "i" is followed by a vowel (Diodia, Hieracium)
   b) accent falls on the second syllable (Dicentra, Hibiscus)
     Exceptions: Cicuta, Cichorium